Get the Scoop on Sample Paper Apa Before Youre Too Late

Get the Scoop on Sample Paper Apa Before You're Too Late All jokes aside, if you wish to succeed in college, you should be in a position to utilize APA Style fearlessly and confidently. Have just one topic to talk about in your paper. Now you are all set to start writing your very own annotated bibliography. Writing essays by yourself. This paper has to be answered in English. Apa Style Interview Paper Sample is visible that you explore on this site. When you are requested to present a testimony or Business Meeting Agenda Template research paper in a particular format, it is imperative to stick to all guidelines. You may also take a look at this page's Sample Research Papers in addition to these Sample Notebook Papers, which you might also find interesting along with helpful. Each section takes a title centered on the webpage. The most important title is included with the most suitable alignment. These elements are important for your article to be accepted. The table of content section is thought of as highly crucial in writing various forms of academic and non-academic reports. You've got to write in such a manner that every portion of your paper is going to have logical sequence and sound structure to help it become comprehensive and simple to comprehend. You can't avoid double spacing that is mandatory in the full paper. While an abstract also summarizes a guide, book, Web site or other sort of publication, it's purely descriptive. Writers don't stick to a specific side. Additional you are able to also take a look at these APA Cover Page Samples that you may also find useful. Sample term papers ought to be strictly weighed side by side with the matter of plagiarism. How to Find Sample Paper Apa There are a lot of crucial guidelines to keep in mind while writing. There is no simple path to success. Your primary aim is to clearly show your private opinion, backed with evidence and arguments, which means you will need to be quite attentive whilst reading the short article and noting down key elements. The goal in developing the primary points about the overall topic is to determine three primary points to be made about this issue. A History of Sample Paper Apa Refuted Take be aware that although it's supplied for free, you can wind up paying for it if you're idle. Regardless of the ample quantity of substantial research materials and intelligent ideas, the essay may wind up flawed in the event the student doesn't have effective writing skills. Our intent is to create a place that supplies the ideal writing experience possible for storytellers to achieve their audience. Many students opt to download such samples so as to find a general idea of the way the assignment should look like and what key points ought to be added. Sample Paper Apa Explained The Final Paper will concentrate on critiquing the varying statistical approaches utilised in every one of these studies. For instance a research paper so you've got to understand what does an excellent research paper look like. Write a brief summary of each one of the studi es. Go over the implications of the outcome of the study. The Ugly Side of Sample Paper Apa Within the text of the paper you acknowledge the usage of another authors material by employing parenthetical referencesthese references should offer enough info to allow the reader to get the complete citation in the list of references at the close of the paper. Only consist of bibliography or literature readings you have actually read. The APA citation is achieved by the template regardless of the amount of document. Annotated bibliography template is going to be a vivid example and you're going to be able to produce an outstanding annotation with no mistakes and flaws! A Appendix comprises the supplement content which is not directly linked to the text. The format can be adapted based on the nature and the topic of a custom made essay. This format employs the author-date process to properly cite outside understanding.

Child Welfare Committee / Juvenile Justice Board - 968 Words

ï‚ § Magistrate should transfer person below 18 years to child Welfare Committee/ Juvenile Justice Board. ï‚ § Child rescued from the brothel should be considered as a child under need of care and protection. Some of the other organisation which focus on the prevention of trafficking among children and protection of the child victims are: ï‚ § SAARTHAK: working in Delhi focus on providing mental health resources and process for the victims after rescued. ï‚ § RESCUE FOUNDATION: working in Maharashtra and runs shelter home with facilities such as counseling, training (vocational and life-skills), legal assistance, health care services (physical and psychological) and consequent repatriation. ï‚ § PRAJWALA: anti trafficking organisation based in Hyderabad works for the prevention of second generation trafficking. The Ministry of Women and Child Development and UNICEF undertook a rapid assessment of the existing mechanisms regarding the rescue, recovery and the re integration of the child victims between India and Bangladesh. Measures regarding recovery, return and integration of the trafficked children from Bangladesh by creating bilateral relation with India are being done. Task Forces for Rescue, Recovery, Repatriation and Integration (RRRI) of trafficked children have been created in Bangladesh and in West Bengal. The UNDOC has created a GLOBAL INITATIVE TO FIGHT HUMAN TRAFFICKING which is known as (UN-GIFT). It had created aShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of England And Wales Deals With Young People1280 Words   |  6 PagesEngland and Wales deals with young people. The Children act 1989 and the Criminal Justice Act 1991 were the significant event occurred in the youth justice system in 1990s which had the combine effect that separates the system of dealing with children perceived to be in need of care and to be dealt in a separate court namely Youth court. This was aimed to be a welfare based system. But the increases in the juvenile crime in the 1990s and widespread publicity over persistent young offenders and theRead MoreThe Juvenile Justice Is A Legal System3495 Words   |  14 Pagesimpact on a child development. The ability of children to realize their full potential is determined by these factors. Conversely, wrong company, negligence, lack of basic needs, harmful surroundings and other abuses may negatively affect a child and turn him or her into a delinquent. The term juvenile who originates from the word â€Å"juvenis† means young. A child or a Juvenile is considered a minor under the law. 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Other offices in the support sectionRead MoreSocial Welfare Administration10174 Words   |  41 PagesSocial Welfare Administration Administrative arrangements for Social Welfare in India S.Rengasamy Madurai Institute of Social Sciences 2 S.Rengasamy. Social Welfare Administration. Administrative Arrangements for Social Welfare in India CONTENT Concept, Objectives and Principles of Social Welfare Administration Definitions of Social Welfare Social Welfare is centered around two basic concepts Administration Social Welfare / Work Administration Social Welfare / Work administration distinguishingRead MoreThe Rights Of A Child Within Family Court System2582 Words   |  11 Pages One of the great concerns for modern society today is the issue of child welfare. This covers taking care of the basic needs of a child; food, shelter, warmth and promoting the child to develop mentally, physically and socially so they are able to function as an active member of society. Due to the need to meet the needs of society as a whole, the needs of children can sometimes either be ignored or regarded as a secondary concern. Even though that one day these children will be adults in ourRead MoreChildren Matter : Alternatives For Juvenile Detention2170 Words   |  9 PagesChildren Matter: Alternatives to Juvenile Detention San Jose Police Chief, Bill Landsdowne, stated that, â€Å"[l]ocking up kids is the easiest way. But once they get in the juvenile justice system, it’s very hard to get them out† (Holman Ziedenberg, date). Detaining youth, in particular non-violent offenders, has more of a negative, long-term impact on youth as well as the community. 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As we talk further Juvenile delinquency it is refer to antisocial or illegal behavior by children or adolescents, for dealing with juveniles, such as juvenile detention centers. There are a multitude of different theories on the causes of crime, most if not all of which can be applied to the causes of youth crime. A Juvenile Delinquent is one who

Patrol free essay sample

In the Border patrol theres an exciting life for everyone who is interested in serving their country. While some choose to Join the army, navy, marines or the air force, I choose the border patrol because I find Immigration far more Interesting. Not to mention the culture clash between two different Nations. The border patrol not only focuses on Immigration thou, Its also about selling money, drugs, Illegal documents, agricultural Issues and more. Its the agency that represents our country; the first impression is given to foreigners and visitors.It covers many aspects and basically jugulate everything and everyone that passes through. Theyre in charge of what comes in and comes out. U. S Border Patrol is particularly interested preventing the unlawful entry of anything into the United States. This paper is particularly focused on the agency as a whole, but also on the work of the agency in the border of the United States and Mexico. We will write a custom essay sample on Patrol or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Whether this may be the entry of terrorist, weapons, aliens, drugs, money, animals etc. Hill reducing crime and bringing security to border communities and Improving the quality of life, and apprehending people that re found to be trying to smuggle them In. That Is why they are looking for young candidates that want to serve their country and protect It. As In every other association there are requirements In order to get In. To be a border patrol agent new applicants must be under the age of forty, unless of course the applicant Is an eligible veteran, which would give him major preference or has previous experience in law enforcement.It is also a requirement to be a citizen of the united States and a resident. Since the agent work in the border its also preferred for them to speak overall languages or be willing to learn them, however to be fluent in English and Spanish is the major preference. And its very important for the applicant to be in excellent health conditions so a medical investigation, fitness test, drug test, and physical fitness test are required as well as a regular background check to make sure there are no felonies, arrests etc.And as a last requirement to possess a valid drivers license. (Border Patrol Agent) There are however, things that can automatically disqualify you for the Job or make you seem as unsuitable for the position. These things come out easily during background checks so applicants must be aware of them. Being sincere and above all do not deliberately attempt to hide certain information from the recruiting agencies is crucial.Past or present arrests are a major problem, or any other pending cases against you can make you look as untrustworthy and theref ore unsuitable for the Job. Any convictions whether this may be misdemeanors are unacceptable. The applicant must have without question a clean record. And of course, the excessive consumption of alcohol is also unacceptable along with the use of illegal drugs and/or sale/distribution of them. Dismissals from previous jobs are also checked, since its Important for the agency to know why you were laid off previously.And debts and financial issues while might not Immediately disqualify you for the Job, does make It more difficult and other applicants might be taken more seriously than you maligning your chances of getting the Job. (Border Patrol Agent) If all the criteria Is meet then once hired the agents must complete a fifty five day paid Basic Academe training program at the includes immigration topics, nationality laws, marksmanship and the physical training program that will prove itself challenging and superior for every agent.An additional forty days will be assigned to complete to those who do not know Spanish language in order to improve their basic communication skills. Agents must expect to work overtime and sometimes double-shifts once theyve started. And be aware that they will work under arduous conditions. Not to mention they will work with weapons so they must be willing to carry firearms and be proficient in their use. Once all the raining has been completed agents could and more than likely be sent on temporary assignments to different locations on very short notice.

Sorry for the loss free essay sample

Sorry for the Loss analysis essay The aim of this piece of work is to complete an analysis and interpretation of Bridget Keehans short story â€Å"Sorry for the Loss, centering on Keehans use of narrative techniques and the contrasts presented to the reader in the story. Keehan wrote the short story Sorry for the Loss, originally for a short story competition it became part of the anthology gathering said short stories in 2008. The story takes place in a prison supposedly in Great Britain. Here, the reader encounter Chaplain Evie, whom will have to go tell a lad named Victor, that his Nan has passed. Evie is a teeny bit fearful towards the task as delivering bad news to prisoners have a habit of ending badly. The reader is following her down the prison as she makes her way to cell 22A in the E wing and during her walk there, the narrative paints the picture of a well functioning prison. We will write a custom essay sample on Sorry for the loss or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Evie a chaplain and therefore has to deliver the news of passing and such to other Catholics, like Victor. As Evie reaches the E wing, she is allowed in by a guard the size of a defensive football player. She is allowed to enter Victors cell. She studies his face and the reader learns of her discoveries: Sparkly eyes, olive skin, a welcoming grin. After Evie addresses him they first misunderstand each other. Victor believes she is there to tell him whether or not he got in to a course and ask her if he had gotten a spot on the course. She replies with â€Å"sorry†, which so happens to be the name of the course he wishes to attend. They go back and forth a bit, before Evie returns to the subject matter at hand. The dead Nan. As she tells Victor the news, he inhales sharply through his nose and peers out the cells window, where a pigeon sat and cooed. He recites a line of poetry to Evie, who recognize it to be Shakespeare. King Lear, says Victor and goes about the extract he and the book club guy, Ron, is putting together. He mentions his role, who is a female, which in return brings him to think of his Nan. Suddenly he goes from talking of how female roles were men playing women, then he speaking of his Nan, who apparently smoked pot – blaming her abuse on her multiple sclerosis or â€Å"MS†, as Victor says himself. He choose to believe she would have been a pot head, even if she wasnt ill. Evie informs Victor, that its not too late to pray for his Nan. A statement she regrets even before finishing it, as it was certainly not what Victor needed to hear at the moment, which he confirms with a disdainful glare. Failing to start the conversation anew Evie tries to talk about something from the room, but can not for the life of her find something to speak of. She returns to her script: Would you like to come to the the chapel and light a candle and say a prayer for your Nan? Victors response is to ask for the Imam. Victor proceeds to speak about his neighboring cellmate, who fancies torturing the pigeons in his own window. They agree on it being evil, but Evie cannot help but ponder this young, bright man, who can feel for the pigeons, yet not show emotion when informed of his grandmothers passing. Nearing the end, the reader follows Evie to the fifth floor, where the inmates, whove had visits, are standing to wave goodbye to their loved ones. Evie is gripped by the sight and fakes a cold not to seem too soft on the officer, who let her in to the wing. He questions her about Victor and how he accepted his Nans death. Evie tells him fine and goes on to question the officer about Victors reason to be incarcerated. A butterfly knife to the gut of one of the students from his school. This leads her to think about the irony behind the name of the blade. Butterfly. A word representing something so fragile and delicate placed on something mainly used for violence. Ive taken the liberty of proposing that the story takes place in Great Britain for two reasons. One, the author is herself from Wales and second, Victor uses the expression â€Å"innit†1 which is British slang for â€Å"is it not†. Evie is the main character of the story. She is religious as we can deduct from her being a chaplain, while her own retrospective further informs us of her devoted piety. She prays multiple times a day, if possible. Even though shes worked in her position for over a year, it is possible that she has only recently been ordained, as the narrative mentions it being the first time, she is going to talk to someone alone as mentioned the first page: †This will be the first death notice she has delivered on her own and she wants to get it right. †2 which in turn implies a superior or former mentor. Victor is first considered to be Catholic, but turns out hes keeping an open-mind and therefore is studying the Quran, as well as Shakespeare. This  leaves the reader to deduct that here we have a intelligent, bright adult, who seek to expand his mind as well as his knowledge. His though facade doesnt crack much during Evies visit, but a few examples of his kind heart comes to show, especially through the conversation about pigeons. As I mentioned earlier theyre having a conversation about Victors â€Å"neighbor†, who killed the birds for the fun of it. In reply to his question about it being evil or not, Evie tells him to love the sinner, but hate the sin. Humorously he replies:† Okay Miss, Ill tell that to the pigeon. Hey, hes gone! Must have heard me talking bout his mate! †3 It shows that hes still a free spirit, finding joy and happiness in the little things, even after five years of imprisonment. The bit with the butterfly knife is interesting also and here Keehan couldnt have put it better:†.. A butterfly knife(.. )the strangeness of how a thing so hard and sharp, designed to cut, slice and stab, could be named after something so delicate and easy to kill. †4 Well put. It brings a certain degree of irony in to the story. Presents us with a light side to the dark and visa versa. This gives contrast to the story. The contrasts in this story come to show in the way the prison is being portrayed. Usually prison stories are dark and violent, while this one is enlightening the readers happiness. Even though were presented with huge, gray stone walls theres light to the dark. Regular life and freedom is just beyond the window, but yet so far away. One of the contrasts I like best is the one comparing heroin to prayer. Evie is thinking of her own praying experience, which makes her feel â€Å".. comforted as though a fleece, gentle and soft, were enveloping her. †5. This makes her think of the junkies, who state that heroin makes them feel â€Å"..  like being wrapped in cotton wool, all warm and lovely†. 6 I would also like to return to the butterfly knife, when speaking of contrasts. As I mentioned before Keehan has chosen a marvelous way of describing the irony in giving a deadly weapon such a lovely name. As to narrative techniques Miss Bridget Keehan starts the story using in m edias res. The reader is turning to first page. BAM! Story is unfolding, giving us the scenario, but no background story and or information. As well as using a limited third-person narrator, who knows the feelings and thoughts of Evie, but not the people around her. As it comes to show through this paragraph:†Evie blows her nose and coughs, trying to feign a cold in the hope the officer does not think her soft. He grins and pulls a smooth white tissue from his pocket and hands it to her. † Here, the reader learns the thoughts behind Evies actions, but present no clue as to what the officer is thinking of her sobbing. So with this I have analyzed the story, brought to attention certain aspects of narrative techniques and given a thorough review of the story. You and I now have a much better understanding of the story Sorry for the Loss by Bridget Keehan.

Essay on Proper Classicism

Essay on Proper Classicism Essay on Proper Classicism In reviewing the article â€Å"Proper Classicism†, the article’s lofty tone is well summarized in the second paragraphs opening statement â€Å"...the Howard Building at Downing College has been seen as a key monument in the current Classical Revival, which is being energetically promoted in certain quarters- especially as it has been designed by the self-appointed doyen of living Classical architects, Quinlan Terry. â€Å"Self-appointed† really seems to be the undeniable overture of the critique. As the writer drones on regarding academic architectural perspective, the reader is left rearing through a tidal wave of self-important ramblings regarding â€Å"etiolated Classicism... and Renaissance Greek inspiration. This article seems to embody the antiquated and elitist philosophies that often shroud academically embellished â€Å"peer† reviews. As every architectural detail of this college campus’s structure is analyzed, the review jumps from â €Å"Neo-Classical character ignored†, to Indictable Classicism, to a mention of the â€Å"Disappointing Interior†. Oddly enough, the interior is not â€Å"disappointing† because of its lack of innovation in use of efficient material, or design, according to the critic, it is disappointing â€Å"because of a lack of correlation with the exterior design and the essential crudeness of detail†. From the summary of this review, one is led to believe that the sole purpose of the development is to properly mimic a historic style and conform to a stylized concept. From a utilitarian perspective, this seems utterly ridiculous. Rambling on about the architects accuracy of a stylized perspective seems better suited for a lecture in art history than an architectural review. How are we to understand the ingenuity of the architecture or innovation of technical design, if all that is scrutinized is

Be a Ruthless Editor

Be a Ruthless Editor Be a Ruthless Editor Be a Ruthless Editor By Michael Hard rules are a good thing for writers sometimes. The sonnet is one of the strictest forms of poetry, but some of the worlds greatest poems are sonnets. A haiku form is even stricter, seventeen syllables in three lines. Hard word counts force a writer to overcome his or her natural laziness by editing ruthlessly. Because writers have no choice but to keep on ruthlessly editing and shortening until the piece is short enough, their job becomes easier, paradoxically. With fewer choices, decision-making becomes faster. There is only room to make one main point, and once you decide what it is, theres no need to struggle to fit any others in. Tighten Your Writing Ruthless editing becomes a necessary skill because some short writing opportunities have very hard word count limits. For example, each of my monthly allotment of academic journal abstracts could never exceed 150 words, After I completed them, they were loaded into a searchable database your local library may have a subscription to it. The database included fields for the author, title and publication, each with limited lengths, but the abstract field in the database could only hold 150 words. So I had to keep editing and reediting until my abstract was less than 150 words. It was a hard rule that could not be broken. Builders talk about load-bearing walls. When youre remodeling your house, if you want to open up the floor plan or provide more space, maybe you decide to remove a wall. Thats fine, unless the wall is a load-bearing wall. If you remove a load-bearing wall, part of the building will fall down. As you remove sentences or words, parts of the sentence or paragraph that used to be cosmetic become load-bearing. This is a good thing: it makes you pay more attention to what youre writing. It requires your writing to be more efficient. And that makes your writing easier to read, because there is less fluff to read through, and it makes your writing more powerful. Ruthless editing can lead to honest evaluation. Summarizing your work in a shorter form, as in a pitch letter or synopsis, provides you a reality check on what you wrote. If you cant briefly present your work without sounding ridiculous, maybe (I gently suggest) maybe it is ridiculous. Help the Reader Besides the invigorating, astringent benefits to the writer learning to edit ruthlessly, brief writing benefits the reader too. The human mind can only hold so many thoughts and words at once, just as a computer screen or the page of a book can only hold so many words. So for example, academic researchers need abstracts to be brief so that several can be compared on a single page or computer screen. Short summaries let readers get a taste of the writers ideas or many writers ideas in a small space and time. By limiting the number of ideas in the summary, the writer also limits the number of ideas that need to fit into the readers head at one time. With fewer ideas to focus on, the reader has more room to think about them. With fewer words to move around in your head, words can be moved around more easily, compared, pondered and felt. Which is more effective: a single powerful, precise word or a string of twenty words that mean exactly the same thing and add nothing more? Here are some tips for editing ruthlessly: Cut Riskily Set a goal for yourself, if your editor hasnt already, to cut 10% from your draft. But why stop there? Choose a paragraph and cut out one-fourth. Or take a risk, let the adrenaline flow and cut it down one-half. Youll be surprised at how often the passage still works. (Often it wont thats why its called a risk.) If it doesnt work, simply restore the cut passage from your recently saved draft. Some reasons why such ruthless cutting often works: You may find you had more fluff than you thought. The passage still works because the cut part never did. You may find that the cut part wasnt as necessary as you thought. Only when its gone do you realize you can live without it. It was pulling some weight, but not so much. If you want, take the best words from it, use them elsewhere, and move on. You may find that your reader doesnt need the cut part to figure out whats happening. When a character leaves the room, your reader will assume the character went through a door without being explicitly told. Make Less More Even if I increase it to 1,000 or 100,000 words, I still cant improve on the classic six-word-novel: For sale: baby shoes, never worn No one is saying that War and Peace would be improved if it were edited down from 587,287 words to 1,000 words. If you want to deal with five families and the Napoleonic War, you will need a lot of words. But a key to ruthless editing and having the heart to do it in the first place is being able to see when you have gained more than youve lost by cutting words. Maximize Your Space If you have a limited number of words to work with, make each word carry its weight. For example: The river flowed through the river bed, making a sound like thunder. We can cut some of those words without losing any meaning. Rivers always flow, usually through river beds, and thunder is always a sound. Changing it to The river thundered or The thundering river says as much in three words as the original sentence did in eleven really, it says more. Now I have to find a new, sleek sentence to put them into. It will take a little work to make the most of them, just as it takes a little work to make the most of the garlic chives I just harvested from my garden. But should I give up a good thing because it takes work? Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:60 Synonyms for â€Å"Walk†That vs. WhichTypes of Ignorance

Foundation of European Union Law (Sovereignty of Parliamnent) Essay

Foundation of European Union Law (Sovereignty of Parliamnent) - Essay Example When it joined the European Community, many of the sovereign rights were transferred to the Union. The treaties of European Community and European Union do not have a specific legal base, require or order supremacy of Community Law, but some articles of Community Law clearly imply supremacy. For some specific articles and areas of its treaties and policies, the European Community required transfer or limiting of the sovereignty rights of its Member States to the Community. Some legal matters were completely controlled by the states themselves were no more under their control. (Cuthbert. pp 36-37. 2003) The sources of European Community law, which are its treaties, do not contain any mention of any relationship or prioritizing between the European Union and the national laws. For Monists states this was not a problem as for them all law is equal. One such Monist State is the France where there was no discrimination between the European Community law and the national law. As long as the procedures of constitution are followed, the national courts can make use of the international treaties. On the other hand, for a dualist state like UK there is difference between the national law and international law. For such countries, the national courts cannot apply the international law and treaty but only through domestic legislation. (Cuthbert. pp 36-37. 2003) For the EC treaty to be applied it has to be first made a part of the domestic law. In United Kingdom the EC treaty was incorporated by the European Communities Act 1972 especially ss 2 and 3. The incorporation still does not mean that the issue of prioritizing has been resolved. (Cuthbert. pp 36-37. 2003) The parliamentary sovereignty is the long-established formulation according to which the parliament has the right to make or unmake any law and power to do anything than to bind itself for the future. In case there is a clash between a present and a past custom then the present one has

Ill attach the document that has the questions Essay

Ill attach the document that has the questions - Essay Example Due to this pressure exerted on the pistons, the pistons in turn exert friction on the brake pads hence producing a clamping force on the rotating disc attached to the wheel disc. This clamping force is what is responsible for stopping the rotation disc hence the wheel. Figure 1 below shows the working principle of a braking system. [3] Figure 1 How do design & operational requirements influence material property requirements for the brake disc? The center of a brake disc contains bearings such that as the vehicle drivers presses the brake pad, the disc is mounted on the axle and is held in to place by the wheel. When brakes are applied, a lot of heat is generated due to the friction between the braking surfaces. Therefore, materials chosen for the construction of the brake parts should be able to withstand very high temperatures. Also, the brake disc runs at a certain high speed in the process of stopping the motion of a wheel. [1] The most widely used brake disc material was cast i ron but it was found to consume a lot of fuel due to its high specific gravity. This has seen exploitation of other lightweight materials to replace cast iron. The materials for use in designing the brake disc must have a low cost per unit property and also meet the digital logic condition. Therefore, materials used for brake systems must have a stable and reliable frictional and wear properties under varying conditions of load, velocity, temperature and environment, and high durability. [6] Therefore the several factors to be considered when selecting a brake disc material include the ability of the brake disc material to withstand high friction and less abrasive wear and ability to withstand the high temperature evolved due to friction. Another important factors that are of importance in consideration during the brake disc design is the cost of the whole process and the weight of the materials to be used. [1] Material selection exercise for brake disc One of the most fundamental a bility of a material for the manufacture of a brake disc is the material to be able to reduce friction and less wear and tear. It must also be able to properly function even in high temperatures. The brake disc must also have enough thermal storage capacity to prevent distortion or cracking due to thermal stress. This is not particularly important in a single stop but it is crucial in the case of repeated stops from high speed. Sometimes it may be unimportant to consider the cost of materials to be used if the material is to perform a critical function in space i.e. beryllium for structural components, iridium for radiation screening. Also in case it is to be used in medical procedures i.e. gold tooth fillings and in equipment for highly competitive sports for instance one racing motorcycle had a cylinder-head made of solid silver for its high thermal conductivity. [12] The model for brake disc In Fig. 1 below, a brake disk can be idealized as two beams having length L, depth b and thickness h, locked together at their ends. Each of the beam is loaded in bending when the brake is applied, and because braking generates heat, it therefore gets hot. The stiffness S of the beam is also critical. If the stiffness is inadequate then the disc will flex, impairing braking efficiency and allowing vibration. Its ability to transmit heat, too, is critical since part of the heat

Effects of H-1B Visa Program on Employment and Wage in the United States Essay Example for Free

Effects of H-1B Visa Program on Employment and Wage in the United States Essay The United States is the most powerful country in the world. Its dominant culture, military, and economy make it the most influential nation across the globe. The power of the US doesnt only come from its native citizens but also from the foreigners who come to its shores every day to work and live there. These people play a very significant role in driving the US economy. A number of national programs have been developed in order to influence the influx of these people into the US. One of those programs is called the H-1B visa program. The program, which allows foreigners to work in the US, has critical effects on various sectors of American society, but especially the economy. Based on the data that have been so far collected, it is clear that the H-1B visa program, in terms of employment in the technology sector, is important in maintaining the status of the country as a leader in science and technology. However, the H-1B visa program may also have negative effects on the wage of native citizens because they would have to compete with the low wages of foreign workers. Many companies in the US needed temporary workers, so the H1 category of non-immigrants was created under the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952. Unlike immigrants, non-immigrants only stay in the US temporarily to accomplish a specific purpose, for instance, education or work. The current H1-B visa program of the United States was created through the Immigration Act of 1990 and the amendment of the 1952 act. The result of the amendment was a program that allows an employer to temporarily hire a foreigner to work in the US provided that hes under the category of non-immigrants. Also, the worker must have a specialty occupation or be a fashion model with exceptional ability and merit. The law describes a â€Å"specialty occupation† as something that requires theoretical and practical application of a specialized body of knowledge. The worker must also have a bachelors degree or the equivalent in specialties such as business, biotechnology, education, health care, medicine, and sciences. The H1-B program currently limits the number of foreign nonimmigrant workers in the US to 65,000 per year (Bartik et al. 134). H-1Bs cap has not always remained the same, however. Congress increased it to 115,000 in 1998 for fiscal years 1999 and 2000. Then in 2000, Congress increased it even further to 195,000 for the 2001 fiscal year. It was maintained during 2002 and 2003, and was slashed to 65,000 again from 2004 onward. Not all foreign workers are affected by the cap, however. The H-1B Visa Reform Act of 2004 states that foreign workers employed by institutions of government research organizations, institutions of higher education and NGOs are exempt from the cap. Also, a separate cap of 20,000 exists on petitions that are filed on behalf of foreigners with masters or higher degrees earned in the US (Bartik et al. 135). Recently, lobbyists composed of universities and members of the technology industry are pushing for a huge increase in the annual cap of H-1B visas. They argue that H-1B visas otherwise known as â€Å"guest worker visas† serve a crucial role in driving the economy, especially in the high technology sector. According to them, there is a systemic shortage of American engineers and scientists in the country. There is a very high demand domestically for these highly skilled workers and the small supply cannot fill that gap. The only way to solve this problem therefore is through the import of foreign workers through the H-1B visa program (Hira et al. 150). These lobbyists argue that they will be forced to resort to outsourcing jobs to foreign engineers and scientists in their home countries if the H-1B cap is not increased. They also claim that the visa program actually serves as a tool for the country to gather the best and the brightest highly skilled workers in the world. This is supposedly a result that is to be expected if the cap on the H-1B visa program is increased (Hira et al. 150). There are many evidences for the advantages brought about by hiring foreign workers in the technology sector. For example, a 2008 study by the National Research Council looked at the effects of hiring H-1B workers by large US companies Texas Instruments, Qualcomm, Motorola/Freescale, Intel, and IBM. Of the five companies, IBM employed the most number of H-1B workers, granting almost 4,000 in five years. Most applications in the company stated a range of earnings of about $82,072. This was considerably bigger than the other four companies average minimum earnings. The researchers thought that the applications were for jobs that were not chip-related since IBM had become a software company from a hardware company (National Research Council and National Academy of Engineering 152). It is clear from the example above that foreign workers in the technology sector do indeed get attracted to the United States through H-1B visas. IBM was hiring more foreign workers than anybody else in the group, and these people were earning higher. However, there are still many â€Å"experts† that love to criticize the H-1B visa program. John McCain and Edward Kennedy defended the H-1B visa program in 2006. The two senators supported the immigration bill that passed the Senate and insisted that their bill required employers to search for workers in the US first. However, their bill actually didnt have any of these provisions (Hira et al. 152). Indeed, its a common misconception that the current law instructs US companies to look for workers in the US first. Many government officials also have this incorrect belief. Senator Norman Coleman, for example, says that he supports the issuance of H-1B visas as long as a number of conditions are met. One, the employer must show that there is not enough US workers qualified for the position; two, that the employer has not laid off a US worker 90 days before or after hiring a foreign worker; three, the employer must demonstrate that they tried to hire US workers before foreign workers; and finally, that the recruitment of H-1B workers will not have adverse effects on the waves, working conditions, and job opportunities of US workers. Even then Senator Barack Obama thinks that the H-1B policy aims to exhaust all means of recruiting US workers before foreign workers. He believed that hiring H1-B workers should be a last recourse for American employers (Hira et al. 152). The truth is however, that the provisions mentioned by the two people above actually dont exist for the majority of employers who use the H-1B visa program. Even Obamas wish that employers should hire foreign workers as a last option is not practiced in the real world (Hira et al. 152). Also, according to market indicators, there is not enough evidence of a systemic shortage of resident engineers and scientists in the US, one of the main arguments of lobbyists for the increase in H-1B cap. Also, earnings and wage growth have been moderate and more or less the same as other professions. The unemployment rate, while it sharply increased during the dot-com bubble, has now fallen. Researchers have also supported the idea that there is little evidence of shortage in high technology jobs. Private surveys and public data are also conflicting when it comes to determining shortages. Trade surveys show there are indeed shortages, but public data indicate the opposite (Bartik et al. 137). Determining shortages in scientists and engineers is a real problem because any increase in the number of H-1B visas issued by employers alone is not indicative of a systemic shortage. Other factors contribute to perceived shortages, for example, the growing significance of foreign students in American institutions. These are foreign students who remain in the United States after they graduate to convert their student visa to a working visa. Other equally important factors include: economic growth, cyclical demand in IT industries, especially during the 1990s, and even backlogs in the application process for permanent visa. Employers today are constantly hiring H-1B workers, but that is clearly not enough reason to increase the cap on H-1B visas. Aside from the effects it will have on the wages and earnings of American workers, the increased cap will create some problems in the permanent residency part of immigration because there are already backlogs there (Bartik et al. 137). The influx of H-1B workers into the United States has been going on vigorously since the 1990s. During that time, about 30 million people were able to stay in America through nonimmigrant admissions. The fastest growing nonimmigrant admissions fall under categories where a foreigner first applies as a temporary foreign worker or student. He then tries to find a US sponsor to able to obtain the immigrant visa. Between 1992 and 1998, the number of foreign students admitted into the country with F1 visas rose from 53% to 565,00. The number of trainers and temporary workers also increased from 128% to 372,000 during that period of time (OECD 35).

Communism: America Denies Freedoms to its Citizens :: American America History

Communism: America Denies Freedoms to its Citizens We fight for freedom abroad, but deny it to those at home.   The 1920s presents a perfect example -- the U.S. was just finishing WWI in which they fought for freedom in a foreign country, but right after the war they denied freedom to those on their home front.   Our Constitution should protect its citizen’s rights and freedoms, and then it can stop when we all realize that the Constitution is just a piece of paper.   It has no bearing unless it is written upon the hearts of government officials and they choose to follow these laws.   And from the past one should realize that this is not always possible.   As for the 1920s, the U.S. government became tyrannical over its people denying them such freedoms as speech and the right to a lawyer.   This leads to the question â€Å"Was the U.S. justified to infringe on the freedoms of others?† The Palmer Raids happened in direct correlation to events that occurred on the first of May 1919.   On May 1, several packages were delivered by the United States Postal Service to several prominent figures including judges, senators and businessmen.   One such package was delivered to Senator Thomas Hardwick of Georgia.   Ethel Williams his personal secretary went outside and received the package.   As she proceeded to open the packages, the package exploded, blowing off her two arms and nearly killing her (Hoyt 4). While this bomb did incite some government officials to fear Communists, the bombing that put them over the top happened to Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer.   Palmer and other politicians were sitting in the library of Palmer’s house when they heard an explosion.   All the members of this gathering exited outside and discovered it had been a bomb; only this time the person did not set the fuse correctly and died when the bomb went off.   They found the victim’s body with literature that read, â€Å"There will be bloodshed; we will not dodge; there will have to be murder; we will kill, because it is necessary; we will destroy to rid the world of your tyrannical institutions†Ã‚   (Hoyt 31). Instead of Palmer going after the person or persons whom directly planned the bombing, he went after everyone who had any association with the organizations the person or persons were part of.   He blamed a whole group for the action of one.

Compare how poets portray relationships in ‘Praise Song For My Mother’ and ‘Ghazal’ Essay

Both ‘praise song for my mother’ and ‘ghazal’ use language devices to portray relationships. They use imagery, metaphors and structure to do so. They bother portray in different ways. ‘praise song for my mother’ portrays relationships as happy and fun whereas ‘ghazal’ portrays them as unpredictable and ever changing. In ‘ghazal’, Khalvati writes a different comparison to love in each stanza. ‘If yours is the iron fist in the velvet glove/if I rise in the east you die in the west’. The fact that Khalvati has done this shows that love is never the same. It also shows that it is constantly changing and can never be predicted. It could also show that the woman’s love for the man is constant the mans love for the woman is unreliable and is constantly changing. On the other hand, in ‘praise song for my mother’ each stanza seems the convey the same thing about love, that it is happy and constant. ‘you were sunrise to me rise and warm and streaming’. The word ‘sunrise’ means that the personas lover was what lit up their day and helped them see clearly. It could also mean that their love was constant and never failed as the sun rises every morning in a continuous pattern. The word ‘warm’ has also been used and this could suggest that they are always nice to each other and never argue. Heat can also be linked to the colour red and this in turn can be linked to love, therefore the persona is indirectly expressing their love for this person without facing it head on. In ‘praise song for my mother’ Nichols has used imagery to portray the relationship. ‘you were the fishes red gill to me’. Nichols has used the word ‘gill’ to show that the persona needed the other person. A fish wouldn’t be able to survive without its gills and this shows that the persona might as well be dead without the other person. Everyone would be able to relate to this as everyone has suffered heartbreak. This would help to keep the interested and mean that they can empathise with the reader. The  word ‘red’ has also been used and love is a connotation of the colour red. On the other hand red can be linked to death and this links back to the persona saying that they are dead without the other person. Similarly in ‘ghazal’ Khalvati has also used imagery to show the relationship. ‘when the arrow flies, the heart is pierced, tattoo me’. The use of the word ‘tattoo’ is the persona saying that their love for the other person is eternal and they never want it to end. Tattoos cannot be changed once they are on your skin and Khalvati’s use of the word could mean that they don’t want the other person to change as she thinks they are perfect as they are. Khalvati’s comparison to an arrow means that her love for the other person was sudden and unexpected. She didn’t know it was coming until it struck her. In conclusion I think that both these poems use mostly the same language devices, but where Nichols portrays relationships as a good thing, Khalvati seems to portray them as a bad thing.

Predominance of Goddesses in Minoan Religion Essay

The most obvious thing present in Minoan religion is its polytheistic and matriarchal features, thus it is always referred to as a goddess religion, wherein all deities are female and there had been no male divinity detected until later times. Added to that is the fact that male deities are uncommon and they are usually embodied on a lesser level in contrast to female deities. The predominance of goddesses in the Minoan religion is very apparent in its cults. The proof to this claim is that the majority of mainland palaces shows paintings of parades wherein the people give offerings to their goddesses. Clay statues of female deities were also located in Crete. The predominance of female gods is also indicated by the central task occupied by priestesses in religious rites and the attendance of women in ceremonies’ environment. The number of women also exceeded that of priests and male assistants, and this could be seen in the paintings on the Aghia Triadha Sarcophagus which would be further discussed later on this paper along with other evidences found which points to the predominance of goddesses in the said religion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Minoans worships female gods, and even though there are several proof of male deities, portrayals of Minoan goddesses greatly outnumber representations of something which could be judged as a Minoan male deity. Whereas some of these portrayals of women are considered to be representations of worshippers and female priests overseeing religious rituals, as opposed to the goddess herself, there still appear to be numerous female deities such as Mother Goddess of fertility, and so on (Hooker, 1999).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Since ruins and remnants were the only thing left for us in understanding Minoan culture, one could only hypothesize and predict what the Minoans religious culture and practices had been. The Minoans left only some articles and pieces of their relics which only suggests at a prosperous and complicated religious practices and figurative method behind their cracked exteriors. As already mentioned earlier, the most evident attribute of this particular religion is that it is polytheistic and matriarchal in nature. Most of the Minoans gods are female and it was only after so many years that male gods had been identified and even then they hold inferior position in contrast to female gods. A majority of religious and cultural scholars now accept as true that almost every religion started out with a matriarchal characteristics and it was only after so many years that they decided to change this matriarchal existence into a patriarchal one. The sudden change from a matriarchal kind of religion into a patriarchal one is still a cause of great controversy up to this point in time. However, the espousal of an inactive way of life due to agriculture may have basically reoriented society in the direction of a patriarchal model of organization and the ensuing rethinking of religion comprised by female gods.   What is for sure is that urbanization radically hastened gender inequality as the lives of mankind unexpectedly took up a double magnitude, that of the public and the private life. The control of public life which is comprised of supervision, regulation, and military groups made up by the men definitely shaped a reorientation of religious principles. However, the Cretans apparently did not change their matriarchal way of life and religion into a patriarchal one. Up to this point in time, the heritage of the female oriented religion is still present in their lives. This is evident through the fact that in Crete men and women alike vow through the name of Virgin Mary. In Crete, the epithet Panagia is as popular as ever (Hooker, 1999).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The ruler of the Minoan pantheon appears to have been omnipotent goddesses who governs and oversees everything in the world. This god is a mother deity, the label having come from her supposedly motherly attitude towards everything and everyone here on Earth. The relationship of a mother to a child is believed to be completely different from that of a father to his children. One may find this particular claim hard to understand however, such would not be the case if one thinks back and reflect that almost everyone holds the saying that â€Å"there is no greater love than that of a mother to a child† to be true, and even Sigmund Freud suggests the same notion on one of his works, â€Å"Moses and Monotheism†. According to him, the relationship between a mother and child is apparently more real than that of a child with his father especially if one would consider the fact that each and every one of us came from our mother’s womb. Although a relationship with a father is also a biological one, such is different and could only be supposed since the child did not come from the father, rather, as mentioned earlier, we all came from our mother’s womb. From here, one could deduct that one of the fundamental aspects of a matriarchal religion is a closer affiliation or connection, like kinship and the like to their goddesses. Religions dominated by male figures on the other hand, is liable to emphasize distance. However, all of these are mere suppositions and intelligent guesses from great thinkers, considering the fact that very little information regarding goddess religion were actually handed down to us.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is basically owing to this reason that it is hard to weigh the nature of the mother-goddess of Minoans. There are several demonstrations of goddesses, which directs to the assumption that the Minoans were polytheistic. However there are also assertions that the many representations of female goddesses were nothing but just numerous manifestations of a single goddess.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are numerous goddesses which could be differentiated from one another in spite of the claims for a monotheistic religion. There is The Lady of the Beasts   or what others call the Huntress, this particular deity is epitomized as one which conquers and is efficient in mastering beasts or animals. In a later embodiment, Huntress became the Mountain Mother and was illustrated to be standing on a mountain and evidently defending the animals as well as the natural world. Snake Goddess, on the other hand is probably the most popular goddess of the Minoan religion. She has snakes interlinked on her body and since her sculptures are found only on houses or small shrines in palaces, there are suppositions that the Snake Goddess is some kind of a domestic deity. However, the household goddess also appears in the form of a tiny bird, this is assumed since there are several shrines which are leaning around a dove-like form. Majority of scholars thinks that major goddesses of Greek religion such as Hera, Artemis, and the like originated from Minoan goddesses (Marinatos, 1993).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The world for the Cretans appears to be saturated with divinity, every object in the universe were all full of religious significance. This is evident on their worship of trees, pillars, and so on, the priesthood as it appears, is dominated by women, although there are minute proofs that palace kings also serves religious purposes (Marinatos, 1993).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are also proofs that the Minoans religion also holds belief on demons, which are constantly depicted as doing certain religious rites and the like, so their precise nature is hard to judge. They are also portrayed in human forms, with the hands and feet of a lion, and while they are definitely hideous, they could still be, considered as representations of religious worships.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Also, as mentioned earlier, urbanization radically modifies social relations. Instead of genuine, natural, relationships founded on kinship and empathy, urbanized cultures managed themselves around more theoretical, less durable, and intrinsically uneven lines. For instance, urbanized society revolves around class or economic function instead of kinship, economic function creates a sort of social discrimination, as officials, priests, and so on comes to dwell in more significant roles than other people. /urbanization also creates a rip in human experience in that life is separated into public and private areas. Men were the ones who dominate public fields (Trustees of Dartmouth College, 2005).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Crete, on the other hand avoided this sudden shift from matriarchal rule into a patriarchal one. Crete appears to be a society with no or very little class prejudices. Archaeological proofs imply that women did not stop from playing significant role in their society, especially on the public spheres. Women there operated as priests, as functionaries as well as officials, they also joined in the same sports male joins in. This is greatly admirable considering the fact that sports in Crete were extremely fierce and risky. Bull-jumping for one is a sport wherein those who are weak at heart could not possibly hope to join into. All the demonstrations of the said sports points out that even a woman join in this dangerous activity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It also appears that females partake in every profession and employment accessible for the male of the specie. The speedy increase of commerce in Crete includes accomplished craftswomen and entrepreneurs, and even the great, system of government and priesthood is full of women. In spite of the fact that the palace kings are male, the society itself could not be considered a patriarchal one.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In fact proofs which came from Cretan settlements proved that Cretan society and religion is a matrilineal one. This is evident in the fact that kinship ancestry was reckoned through the mother’s lineage. Although there is no way to be certain that the Crete society is indeed matrilineal one could not deny that it is a possible conclusion especially since their religion is goddess-based.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Places of worship could also be one determinant that the religion of Minoans is goddess based. Many caves located in Crete showed a great deal of information regarding the Minoan religion. Caves were 1st utilized in Crete as abodes or some kind of living areas in the Neolithic period. By the end of the Neolithic era, caves started to be used at length, as burial grounds, and this kind of custom carried on all throughout the Early Minoan age. Caves were also viewed as cult places in the Middle Minoan era, where they hold their worship to their deities. The predominance of female goddesses in Minoan religion is supported by the presence of these caves wherein the deities they revere there all proved to be females.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the most prominent cult caves is the Cave of Eilethyia which could be located near Amnisos and whose name is linked to the goddess Eileithyia. The basis for this particular connection could be found in Homer’s Odyssey. Close to the center of the cave, one could find a cylindrical stalagmite and contained in the area and in front of the stalagmite is something which looks like a square stone, which some believes to be an altar.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The presence of domestic shrines also points out to the matriarchal facet of the Minoan religion. The shrine at Myrthos is supposedly the place where the goddess Myrtos was found. This particular shrine could be dated back at the early Prepalatial period and it was known to endure all throughout Minoan prehistory. Four of the best well-known Minoan havens could also attest to the domineering feature of the said religion (Moss, 2000).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Shrine of the Double Axes at Knossos is a small shrine which was deserted along with its religious furnishings in situ and is therefore very precious in terms of understanding the Minoan religion. The room’s ground region is separated into different levels. A number of big vases could be located in the front area, in the middle region a stand table of offerings is entrenched in the bottom, and on each side of the table groups of tiny jugs and cups could be seen. At the back of the room, one could see an elevated bench wherein two set stuccoes clay could be located. It is where one the horns of consecration are placed, and in each container, between the horns of consecration is a circular hole. This hole is supposedly used to hold a double axe. Amidst the two pairs of horns, they located a figurine of a woman which is shaped like a bell. There were also found a slighter statue of a woman. They also found a sculpture of a man holding out a dove as well as two other figurines of women (one of which have a bird atop its head). The last is frequently believed to be a goddess while the other statuettes are categorized as votaries.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Town Shrine at Gournia is a post-palatial bench asylum situated close to the utmost point of the neighborhood. This tiny shrine does not belong to a palace or to any huge structure in particular. Rather, the shrine is an independent architectural division close to a cobbled road. When the shrine was unearthed they saw that it is in a noticeable poor state of conservation. However, its floor is full of a huge quantity of cult belongings, some of which are similar to those of the Shrine of the Double Axes. The absence of associated pottery made it had to date the shrine; however, it is possible that it was last put into use in the LM IIIB era. A low bench is situated in the southern partition. The northeast corner, on the other hand, showed a public stand table of offerings about which were to be found four snake-tubes, the bottom of a 5th snake-tube hidden on the stand table of offerings   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Ayia Triadha Sarcophagus is also one of the great sources of evidence if one wants to prove that Minoan religion is basically goddess-based. The said sarcophagus was discovered in a pillaged tomb in early fourteenth century B.C. It is located in Ayia Triadha, thus the name Ayia Triadha Sarcophagus. The front side of the sarcophagus depicted goddesses which were represented by the double axes, there are also birds located atop the axes which is believed to symbolize the arrival of a goddess. In the West end of the sarcophagus is an incomplete male processional scenario, it also shows a chariot pulled by two Agrimia, and the chariot also carries two women. Agrimia is believed to have religious implications in Minoan art. It is also probable that the two women on the chariot are goddesses. At the back side of the sarcophagus is a shrine with a tree in the middle. To the left of the said shrine is an altar, a woman stands in front of the altar and behind the woman is a sacrificial table where a bull is secured which indicates that it is to be sacrificed. The woman standing have her hands held high while at the other side of the scene one could see a parade of women with their palms down which signifies that the sacrifice is meant for the earth or to an underworld character which in turn, implies the possibility that the sacrifice is meant for a funeral of some sort. At the East Side of the sarcophagus are two females riding a chariot which is pulled by two winged griffins, and over them there is a flying bird. The two women are viewed as goddesses, which are implied by the mystical appearance of the griffins. These figures are also viewed to be guides for those who are heading towards the underworld (Minoan, 1988).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As could be seen, huge quantity of evidences points out that the Minoan religion is indeed dominated by females. It is also mainly because of this particular observation, which were derived mainly from archaeological relics, that it is conclude that the society of Crete is also matriarchal in nature. The presence of numerous goddesses depicted through relics such as paintings, vases, and place of worships and so on all points out that the religion of Minoans were indeed polytheistic and goddess-based in nature. Works Cited Hooker, R. (1999) â€Å"Minoan Religion.† Marinatos, N. (1993). Minoan religion: ritual, image, and symbol University of South Carolina Press. Moss, M. L. (2005). The Minoan Pantheon: towards an understanding of its nature and extent   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   John and Erica Hedges Ltd. Trustees of Dartmouth College (2000) â€Å"Minoan Religion.† Warren, P. (1988) Minoan religion as ritual action Gothenburg: P. Astroms.      

10 Cause and Effect Essay Topics on Pork in the Middle East

10 Cause and Effect Essay Topics on Pork in the Middle East If you are writing a cause and effect essay on pork in the Middle East, consider using these ten facts below: For Islamic and Jewish communities in the Middle East, pork is not allowed on the menu. This practice refers back to religious writings which prohibit the consumption of pork. But long before the Old Testament and the Quran made their way to the Middle East, people were reducing the amount of meat in their diet, and new research data tells us why. Anthropologists have deciphered new cultural trends among historic groups. Archaeology and anthropology have come together to produce new evidence which shows that between 5000 BC and 2000 BC domesticated animals were incredibly common in the Fertile Crescent. In fact, they were the primary protein source for households which meant that individuals saw domesticated animals as food. But around 1000 BC the maintenance and consumption of pigs started to decline. Pigs require a high amount of water in order to survive which makes it difficult to travel with them when a family has to move. This is one factor which had contributed to the disappearance of pork from the table. It is not, however, the primary reason. The main reason for the change is that chicken started to take over as the main food source. Individuals living in ancient Middle East countries started to select chickens over pigs due to the fact that they can offer a more efficient protein Source compared to pigs. Chickens require 3500 liters of water in order to produce one kilo of meat whereas pigs require 6000 liters of water to produce the same amount of meat. In addition to this chickens produce eggs which functions as a secondary product available for consumption and pigs do not. Chickens are considerably smaller and can be consumed within a single day. This is particularly important because the ability to consume the entire chicken within 24 hours eliminates the issue of having to preserve a large amount of meat something which was very difficult to do due to hotter climate. This meant that pigs could not be consumed in one day. A great deal of the meat had to be preserved in a very hot and dry desert environment which led to improper storage and the cultivation of harmful bacteria. Finally, chickens were used by nomads. While chickens alongside pigs cannot be herded the same way that cattle can be herded, chickens can be transported by nomadic people quite easily. For historical purposes, it did not make sense at the time for individuals to keep pigs and chickens and they served similar dietary requirements.   It is for this reason that all of the circumstances came together to encourage the replacement of pigs with chickens as the main protein source. At the time that this took place and was not prohibited by religion but simply by chance. Today, in the Middle East poultry and the eggs from chickens are the second most popular food group for consumption next to red meat. Pigs have never fully disappeared from the area, and pig husbandry continues to insert in marsh and woodland areas where there’s more food options available for the pig. But nonetheless the religions which appeared on the continent after this change took place started to prohibit the meat for some of the same reasons which have led today to the almost complete replacement of pork products. There are customs involving food common among many cultures, particularly the avoidance of certain foods. In the Middle East both Judaism and Islam restrict the consumption of pork and all pork products. It is for this reason that pork is not a staple in Middle Eastern diets. Muslims refer to the Quran as the word of God. And in the Quran God prohibits the consumption of pork in many passages. One of the most commonly used vs. is found in Chapter 2 of the Quran and it state that God forbid his people to consume the flesh of pork or dead meat and blood. Some other mentions of pork in the Quran describe it as unclean or impure which means that it is forbidden. In life or death situations the consumption of pork is allowed by this religion.   Interestingly enough the reference to pork as unclean or impure   has scientific ties particularly with regard to the risk of trichinosis, a health concern whereby individual to consume   tainted pork will ingest worms which then live inside of the individual and continue to siphon off the nutrition this individual received until death.   This can happen when pork has been improperly prepared and is not thoroughly heated in the process. This is only one example of many illnesses which can come from consuming por k, the majority of which result from consuming improperly prepared pork. Middle Eastern Muslims have indicated that pigs consume a great many foods including garbage which can contain harmful bacteria. Pigs are messy by nature often rolling in the mud where other harmful bacteria exists. When pigs consume harmful bacteria it can spread pork tapeworms in to those who eat the meat even if that meat has been properly cooked. Refusing to eat pork products functions therefore as a public health measure by many Muslims. In many Muslim cities today the sale of pork remains forbidden. The Jewish faith indicates that only kosher food can be consumed. Kosher food is that which has been prepared to conform to all Jewish belief. The book of Deuteronomy in the Old Testament specifically states in chapter 14 that this page is unclean and that people should not touch the carcass of the pig nor eat its flesh.   Similar to Muslim, Jewish individuals abstain from consumption based on the idea that pigs are unclean. The special dietary restrictions have been traced to a Schism between Israelites and Philistines.   It was said that by placing special dietary restrictions and ritual slaughtering practices on themselves, the Jewish people could differentiate themselves from their Philistine counterparts. While they still do not consume pork products, the sale of pork takes place in some cities of Israel. These awesome facts will give you a better idea of the pork in the Middle East and a cause and effect essay. Don’t forget we’ve prepared 20 topics on the subject and a thorough manual on it as well. References: Testriono. Is Indonesian Islam Different? Islam In Indonesia In A Comparative International Perspective.  Stud. Islam.  18.1 (2011): n. pag. Web. Adams, Michael.  The Middle East. New York, NY: Facts on File Publications, 1988. Print. Armbrust, Walter.  Mass Mediations. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000. Print. Beinin, Joel and Joe Stork.  Political Islam. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997. Print. Browers, Michaelle. Minorities In Islam/Muslims As Minorities.  Contemporary Islam  8.3 (2014): 211-215. Web. Shechter, Relli.  Smoking, Culture And Economy In The Middle East. London: I.B. Tauris, 2006. Print. Stauth, Georg and Sami Zubaida.  Mass Culture, Popular Culture, And Social Life In The Middle East. Frankfurt am Main: Campus Verlag, 1987. Print.

The Study of Shell Middens in Archaeology

The Study of Shell Middens in Archaeology One type of site that some archaeologists love to investigate is the shell midden or kitchen midden. A shell midden is a heap of clam, oyster, whelk, or mussel shells, obviously, but unlike other types of sites, it is the result of a clearly recognizable single-activity event. Other kinds of sites, such as campsites, villages, farmsteads, and rock shelters, have their attractions, but a shell midden was created by and large for one purpose: dinner. Diets and Shell Middens Shell middens are found throughout the world, on coastlines, near lagoons, and tidewater flats, along major rivers, in small streams, wherever some variety of shellfish is found. Although shell middens also date from pretty much all of prehistory, many shell middens date to the Late Archaic or (in the old world) Late Mesolithic periods. The Late Archaic and European Mesolithic periods (around 4,000-10000 years ago, depending on where youre at in the world) were interesting times. People were still essentially hunter-gatherers, but by then were settling down, reducing their territories, focusing on a broader range of food and living resources. One often used way to diversify the diet was to depend on shellfish as a reasonably easy to obtain food source. Of course, as Johnny Hart once said, â€Å"the bravest man I ever saw was the first to devour an oyster, raw†. Studying Shell Middens According to Glyn Daniel in his great history 150 Years of Archaeology, shell middens were first explicitly identified as archaeological in context (i.e., built by humans, not other animals) during the mid-nineteenth century in Denmark. In 1843, the Royal Academy of Copenhagen led by archaeologist J.J. Worsaee, geologist Johann Georg Forchhammer, and zoologist Japetus Steenstrup proved that the shell heaps (called Kjoekken moedding in Danish) were, in fact, cultural deposits. Archaeologists have studied shell middens for all kinds of reasons. Studies have included Calculating how much dietary meat there is in a clam (only a few grams in comparison to the weight of the shell),Food processing methods (steamed, baked, dried),Archaeological processing methods (sampling strategies vs. counting the entire middenwhich nobody in their right mind would do),Seasonality (what time of year and how often were clambakes held),Other purposes for the shell mounds (living areas, burial sites). Not all shell middens are cultural; not all cultural shell middens are solely the remnants of a clambake. One of my favorite shell midden articles is Lynn Ceci’s 1984 paper in World Archaeology. Ceci described a series of weird donut-shaped shell middens, consisting of prehistoric pottery and artifacts and shell located on hillsides in New England. She figured out that they were, in fact, evidence of early Euro-American settlers reusing prehistoric shell deposits as fertilizer for apple orchards. The hole in the middle was where the apple tree stood! Shell Middens Through Time The oldest shell middens in the world are about 140,000 years old, from the Middle Stone Age of South Africa, at sites like Blombos Cave. There are fairly recent shell middens in Australia, within the last couple hundred years anyway, and the most recent shell middens in the United States that I’m aware of date to the late 19th century and early 20th century AD when the shell button industry was in progress along the Mississippi River. You can still find heaps of freshwater mussel shells with several holes punched out of them lying along the bigger rivers of the American midwest. The industry nearly obliterated the freshwater mussel population until plastics and international trade put it out of business. Sources Ainis AF, Vellanoweth RL, Lapeà ±a QG, and Thornber CS. 2014. Using non-dietary gastropods in coastal shell middens to infer kelp and seagrass harvesting and paleoenvironmental conditions. Journal of Archaeological Science 49:343-360. Biagi P. 2013. The shell middens of Las Bela coast and the Indus delta (Arabian Sea, Pakistan). Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 24(1):9-14. Boivin N, and Fuller D. 2009. Shell Middens,. Journal of World Prehistory 22(2):113-180.and Seeds: Exploring Coastal Subsistence, Maritime Trade and the Dispersal of Domesticates in and Around the Ancient Arabian PeninsulaShips Choy K, and Richards M. 2010. Isotopic evidence for diet in the Middle Chulmun period: a case study from the Tongsamdong shell midden, Korea. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 2(1):1-10. Foster M, Mitchell D, Huckleberry G, Dettman D, and Adams K. 2012. Archaic Period Shell Middens, Sea-Level Fluctuation, and Seasonality: Archaeology along the Northern Gulf of California Littoral, Sonora, Mexico. American Antiquity 77(4):756-772. Habu J, Matsui A, Yamamoto N, and Kanno T. 2011. Shell midden archaeology in Japan: Aquatic food acquisition and long-term change in the Jomon culture. Quaternary International 239(1-2):19-27. Jerardino A. 2010. Large shell middens in Lamberts Bay, South Africa: a case of hunter-gatherer resource intensification. Journal of Archaeological Science 37(9):2291-2302. Jerardino A, and Navarro R. 2002. Cape Rock Lobster (Jasus lalandii) Remains from South African West Coast Shell Middens: Preservational Factors and Possible Bias. Journal of Archaeological Science 29(9):993-999. Saunders R, and Russo M. 2011. Coastal shell middens in Florida: A view from the Archaic period. Quaternary International 239(1–2):38-50. Virgin K. 2011. The SB-4-6 shell midden assemblage: a shell midden analysis from a late prehistoric village site at Pamua on Makira, southeast Solomon Islands [Honors]. Sydney, Australia: University of Sydney.

Criminal Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 13

Criminal Justice - Essay Example In an example, the Muslims living in United States feel that the government has failed to protect them from the aggression emanating from the local population. Initially, the society has been instrumental in ensuring that young generation is guided according to the rules and regulations set by the community. The old people were acting as a guide to the young people in the society. However, with some communities being marginalized, the young people have become an easy target by terrorists groups which recruit them with promises of making money. These are groups that train the youth on how to shoot and bomb people. They convince the youth that they will be rewarded or they are doing according to the teaching of their religion. The young people are learning how to shoot from violent video games. Currently, they are spending a lot of their time watching simulations of how to shoot and bomb. This is making them to look for guns and bombs in order to have a firsthand experience. Religious programs can be used by religious leaders to train the young people on how to resolve conflicts. In addition, conflict resolution programs, e.g. through encouraging the youth to work in diverse groups can be initiated in the society in order to train the young people on how to resolve conflicts without using violent

Organizing Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Organizing Paper - Essay Example One of the organizations that have effectively accomplished the organization function is Dell Inc. The management has efficiently and effectively organized the physical assets, the human talent, knowledge, technology and financial resources in order to ensure competitive advantage in the market. The company is headquartered in Texas, United States but has operations across the globe. Dell Inc has utilized the industry’s most efficient organization model. Some core organization elements include just-in-time inventory management, employee training, delegated authority and efficient allocation of capital resources (Williams 7). Physical assets In 2000, Dell established computer assembly factories in Austin, Lebanon, Tennessee, Ireland, China and Malaysia. The company also acquired assembly factories in Brazil in order to extend the manufacturing of the computer products (Holzner 19). In 1998, Dell added about 1,600,000 square feet of office space to the Round Rock complex thus in creasing the demonstration center and visitor’s meeting rooms. Currently, Dell has full functional facilities in US and India that support all business functions such as manufacturing, research and development and customer service. Dell has enough assembly physical facilities in UK, China, India, Brazil, Poland, Malaysia, Philippines, Florida, North Carolina, Minnesota, Illinois, Tennessee, Oklahoma, and New Hampshire. From 2002, Dell launched kiosk locations in various shopping malls in order to reach out to more potential customers. In 2005, the company expanded the kiosks to Australia, Canada, Hong Kong and Singapore (Williams 5). Dell has ensured efficient utilization of all production facilities and production space in its operations. The company leases out excess space in order to ensure maximum utilization of the physical assets. The company is geared at replacing the outdated physical assets such as machinery (Holzner 60). Human resources Dell Inc has more than 109,40 0 employees spread in more than 30 countries in the globe. The employees are expected to serve customers in more than 170 countries. Dell has attained a leadership position as the preferred provider of computer and networking systems due to his talented workforce and excellent customer service. The Chief executive officer and chairman is Michael Dell who has been in the company since 1984. Dell board of directors consists of nine members and the Global Executive management committee is tasked with managing the daily operations and providing strategic direction to the company. Dell Inc has established efficient channels of communication within the organization. The company has effectively delegated authority and responsibility to teams and managing directors who are responsible for different market segments (Williams 6). Dell Company conducts a job analysis that identifies various roles in the organization, the duties performed in the position and skills required. The company through its human resource planning has been able to forecast the skills demand in the organization. Due to its reputation of excellent human resources policies, the company attracts and retained qualified professionals in all functional departments. The company offers sufficient training to its employees in order to enhance the productivity and creativity of employees. Dell employee reward policies

Target Marketing Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Target Marketing - Term Paper Example Target marketing is not all about breaking a market into various small segments and attracting the attention of the marketers confining their focus on a few key sections of the market. The implication of target marketing suggests that various considerations should be taken into account with the purpose of identifying the customer groups who are to be targeted. It is worth mentioning that ‘Marketing’ is termed as the art of creating wants among people who gradually turns out as the potential customers of the product and/or services rendered. According to Smith (1956), segmentation of markets is focusing on customers with similar interest to that of the marketer, so that it becomes easier for the organization to develop beneficial communication and thus satisfy the customer need effectively. Target Marketing Approach Customers’ demand varies from one group to the other. Thus, the identification of these demands emerges to be quite challenging for the marketers imple menting the target marketing approach. After identifying customer demands, marketers develop the product and various marketing strategies to satisfy the demand of the particular customer group(s) targeted. Thus, target marketing helps the company to identify their most potential customers. With this concern, marketers tend to emphasise on various aspects of market and human psychology which define the satisfaction and demand of targeted customers. Furthermore, with the assistance of target marketing, strategies are developed to offer the products and/or services according to the customers’ demand which in turn boosts customer satisfaction. Therefore, target marketing assists the organisation to attain additional customer satisfaction rewarding higher loyalty and competitive advantages, although it initially deals with a concentrated group of customers (Smith, 1956). The motto of target marketing is to identify most viable segments focussing on which the organization can attra ct maximum number of customers and retain the valuable customers by satisfying their demands. It is in this context that target marketing can assist organisations in gaining sustainable growth (Bragg, 2005). The main reason for focusing on certain specific customer groups who have been targeted is to develop a marketing mix strategic alliance that can satisfy the customer needs in the best possible way. Marketing mix is so prepared that it supports the strategies of target marketing. Target marketing approach can be highly beneficial if marketing mix is prepared with great attention which also helps in enhancing the competency of the organisation to a large extent. Thus, supreme customer value is ought to be achieved with the benefits provided by the marketing mix which further can prove to be very crucial for target marketing approach (Bragg, 2005). It is worth mentioning that customers’ interests are given the maximum preference while preparing target marketing strategies. Marketers pay keen attention in selecting the target market. The process is initiated when marketing experts analyse different characteristics such as demographic and psychographic qualities possessed by the potential customers. Demographic analysis consists of age, geographic location, gender, earning capacity, education level and relationship status that can influence the demand of the customers. Similarly, psychographic analysis includes offering price of the products; convenience provided by the product, how safe the product can prove to be, availability of the product i.e. how far the customers need to travel to make the product available and so on which defined the satisfaction level of the customers (Restrepo, 2008). Target

Illicit Drugs In Australia And Problems Caused Criminology Essay

Illicit Drugs In Australia And Problems Caused Criminology Essay Research by the Australian Institute of Criminology (2004) has outlined the impact of illicit drugs on society. Many people assume there is a direct correlation between drugs and crime and this research undertaken in fact shows that drug use and crime have similar origins. Origins such as poor social support systems, difficultly in school, association with deviant peer groups and lack of access to economic support systems are the main similarities with drug users and criminals. The results of this research have opened our eyes to the direct link and the magnitude of the illicit drug problem. It is not possible to quantify the exact cost of illicit drug use to the Australian community. However, some components can be measured directly, such as government expenditure through the National Illicit Drug Strategy (NDIS), but many of the social costs borne by the community, such as the extra cost of welfare, health and law and order services, can only be estimated. In addition, a number of costs associated with illicit drug use are not quantifiable, such as pain and suffering resulting from a reduced quality of life. Nevertheless a number of studies attempt to quantify some of the costs of drug use, including social costs. Many also examine how these costs compare with the costs of licit drug use in the community (Burton, K 2004). Statistics from the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare have discovered that Marijuana/cannabis accounted for 71% of illicit drug arrests in 2004-05. Further, in 2005, one in 10 prisoners was imprisoned for drug-related offences and finally in 2003-04, 88% of juvenile detainees had used an illicit substance 6 months prior to arrest and 70% were intoxicated at the time of offence. The Australian criminal justice system currently has two approaches to the illicit drug (for clarification, the definition of Illicit Drugs means a drug whose production, sale or possession is prohibited) problem. Prohibition and harm minimisation which will be discussed below. In short, the main aim of prohibition of drugs is to implement legislation and laws as a common means of attempting to control drug use. On the other hand we have harm minimisation which includes a range of targeted strategies designed to reduce drug-related harm for particular individuals and communities. It aims to reduce the harmful consequences of drugs when consumption cannot be further reduced. Drug laws have not stopped people using drugs, all it has done is create a multi-million dollar illegal market and fuel criminal acts to support such addictions. However, the economic costs associated with harmful drug use, including prevention, treatment, loss of productivity in the workplace, property crime, theft, accidents and law-enforcement activities, amount to over $18 billion annually (Collins Lapsley 1996). Which proves that the drug prohibition is not effective and another approach needs to be introduced. Prohibition is increasingly regarded as flawed in principle and a resounding failure in practice (Wodak Owens, 1996). When the drug laws in Australia were first introduced they came through prohibition instead of regulation. The argument was, that once something evil was banned, the problem was solved. This was not the case as banning such illegal drugs has only made the productions of same increase and created the role of drug traffickers and an illegal underworld to m ake and distribute such drugs through illegal avenues. As Wodak and Owens stated: Focusing on drug use rather than drug-related harm is like concentrating on a mirage (p. 9) In summary, prohibition has been somewhat successful in raising the health, social and economic costs of drug use. However, each year with technological change, geopolitical developments and the new trade environment make the job of prohibition even harder. On 2 April 1985 Australia officially adopted another view on illegal drugs and this approach was known as harm minimisation. This approach involves supply reduction, demand reduction and harm reduction. Harm minimisation has approached the drug use problem by introducing such schemes as information to drug users about how to safely use drugs and supervised injection rooms for users. Extensive consultation and collaboration between these services and police have been important in their success in reducing the spread of blood borne viruses in the community. Governments do not condone illegal risk behaviours such as injecting drug use: they acknowledge that these behaviours occur and that they have a responsibility to develop and implement public health and law-enforcement measures designed to reduce the harm that such behaviours can cause (Ministerial Council on Drug Strategy 1998:46). Harm minimisation encourages change in our attitudes towards people who use drugs including those who are physically and psychologically dependant on illegal drugs. However, whether this is an effective approach is a common argument. One advantage is the fact that Australia does have the lowest reported rate of HIV infection in the world which is evidence alone that harm minimisation approach can work in the community. Harm minimisation can best be viewed in context of community safety and this is an approach to drug use to help keep people safe when they choose to use drugs. One important policy intervention that has gained increased prominence in recent years is the diversion of drug and drug related (crimes committed while under the influence of drugs) offenders. Aimed at deterring, educating or treating the causes of drug dependence, diversion involves the use of the criminal justice system to provide alternative responses, including referral to drug treatment. The main aim of prohibition of drugs is to implement legislation and laws as a common means of attempting to control drug use. On the other hand harm minimisation recognizes the need to seek a balance between supply reduction (disrupt both the supply of illicit drugs entering Australia and the production and distribution of illicit drugs within Australia), demand reduction (reduce the desire for and preparedness to obtain and use drugs) and harm reduction strategies (reduce the impacts of drug-related harm on individuals and communities). Recently harm minimisation took on another strategy known as a diversionary scheme. In April 2009 the Council of Australian Government (COAG) endorsed the National Illicit Drugs Strategy (NDIS) package, providing over $111,536,000 to create a tough on drugs initiative that gives priority to diverting illicit drug offenders into treatment. Guidelines were created for States and Territories to divert minor illicit drug offenders into assessment, education and treatment at many levels of the criminal justice system. The aim was to reduce the amount of offenders that appear before the court for possession of illicit drugs , provide incentives for minor offenders to address their drug use and increase access to drug education and treatment. This strategy is based on a harm minimisation approach which refers to policies and programs aimed at reducing drug-related harm and protecting the community and users. Dr Woolridge (past Federal Health Minister)1999 has stated that it is clinically pr oven that if you can reach a drug user before the addiction becomes full-blown that you have a better chance of stopping the drug use. Taking this approach statistics have shown that as of July 2007, there were 51 programs that divert drug and drug related offenders: * 69% of programs have been introduced since 2000. * 59% were funded by the Coalition of Australian Governments Illicit Drug Diversion Initiative. * 31% involved police diversion, 22% court diversion, 18% drug court diversion and 29% were mixed. * 33% of programs targeted drug use/possession offence(s), 12% drug related offence(s) and 55% any offence(s). * 45% of programs targeted adults, 27.5% youth and 27.5% mixed. * 49% resulted in assessment and compulsory treatment, 17% assessment and voluntary treatment, 9% cautions and referrals to education sessions, 20% warning/formal caution/family group conference, and 8% a fine or optional attendance at an education session (Hughes Ritter 2008) To date each state and territory has created and implemented their own diversionary and harm minimisation measures to tackle the illicit drug problems. Each state and territory have varying programs which may be somewhat different to each of the other states. Some programs may be easier to access, others may only cater for a specific group (ie indigenous people or juveniles). However, they all have the same major programs available as outlined below. According to the Australian Institute of Criminology there are 5 types of drug-diversionary programs currently in use across Australia. Within each of these areas of criminal justice there are a number of diversionary programs available. These initiatives can be divided into groups, depending on their position along the criminal justice continuum. Starting with the pre-arrest phase the most important diversionary measures is police discretion where officers can detect the offence but not lay charges and provide further information to the offender about how to manage and drug problems and refer them in the right direction. Other measures in place are infringement notices, informal warnings, formal caution and caution plus intervention (where counseling/information sessions must be attended). Police drug diversion -at the front end are the various police based drug diversion programs offer drug education and assessment for those individuals with minor possession offences relating to ca nnabis or other illicit substances. Next step on the criminal justice continuum is the Pre-trial stage where a charge is made but before the matter is heard at court. Here we have options like treatment as a bail condition, conferencing or prosecutor discretion (where treatment is offered as an alternative to proceeding with prosecution). These programs are at court level and are primarily bail-based programs to provide assessment and short term treatment options for less serious offenders who criminal behaviour is related to their illicit drug use. The next stage is Pre-sentence which is after conviction but before sentencing, this stage includes such measures as delay of sentence where offender may be assessed or treated. Post-conviction/sentence includes the process of sentencing. Diversionary measures can include suspended sentences requiring complying with conditions such as treatment, avoidance of drugs and specific peer groups. At this stage offenders can also be referred to the Drug Courts which are judicially supervised and enforced treatment programs which offer long-term initiative treatment for offenders who drug dependency is a key contributor to their offending. The final stage where diversionary measures can be utlised is in the Pre-release stage which is prior to the release from goal on parole. Options here include transfers to drug treatment programs or early release to attend a supervised treatment program. Even though the diversionary programs vary between jurisdictions, for example, in some states police can only caution first time offenders or juveniles and in other jurisdictions diversion is available for any offender caught with drugs, irrespective of age or criminal history. According to the National Illicit Drug Diversion Initiative (IDDI) the findings were generally very positive. Across all jurisdictions , the majority of people who were referred into the IDDI program did not reoffend in the 12 to 18 month period after their diversion. In most cases, those that did reoffend did so only once during this time. (Payne et al, 2008). The cost of the various police diversion programs is significant. However, if these initiatives are achieving such their objectives, such costs should be more than offset by the benefits of accruing to the community through a reduction of illicit drug use and related offending and reduced case loads for the criminal justice system. There has been only one study (Baker Goh 2004) that has examined the cost-effectiveness of diversion. The results demonstrated positive results in savings to the criminal justice system. In the first three years of operation it was estimated that over 18,000 police hours were saved as a result of not having to charge offenders at the time of detection, prepare matters for court and attend subsequent hearings. Baker and Goh also calculated that the scheme resulted in total savings of well over $1million dollars during the first 3 years of operation. In the years following the development of the IDDI, researchers (most notably the Alcohol and Other Drugs Council of Australia, ADCA), outlined the benefits of and challenges to expanding the drug diversion and harm minimisation approach. Over coming the political perception that drug diversion was a soft option (Hughes, C 2007). While the Tough on Drugs Diversion Initiative was seen by policy makers as heralding a more humane response and more harm minimisation approach, the expression and framing of the program was that this was not the case. As John Howard said: in no way does it [drug diversion] retreat from our Tough on Drugs philosophy, our zero tolerance approach. So the point that the Government are portraying is that illicit drug use is still against the law however, if someone has psychological, health and social problems, you dont belong in jail. If the problem is drug use, than that problem must be tackled in order to decrease the social impacts of illicit drug use and to prevent a new generation of drug-users committing drug related crime (Commonwealth Department of Health and Ageing, 2004). One of the positive outcomes of the harm minimisation/drug diversion initiatives is that is has now encouraged the collaboration of health and law enforcement services. Which were once two very separate divisions have combined forces to tackle the issue of illicit drug use and have broken down the barriers that once segregated the divisions as traditionally the health and justice systems have had little to do with each other with no referral pathway between them. Diversion programs are gradually changing this (Tresidder, J 2003). In conclusion after observing that the prohibition of drugs has not made any significant impact on the use of illicit drugs in society the harm minimisation approach was initiated. This approach was further developed and the drug diversion scheme was created to target the problem in return for long term solutions to protect the drug users and community from each other. Research has shown that this has been successful to some degree however it has come across as somewhat contradictory to the tough on drugs campaign that is portrayed in the media. There is many mixed messages being sent and portrayed about the approach to illicit drugs in the criminal justice system. To date the drug diversionary programs has been the only approach to illicit drugs that has made any headway and molded around the existing drug problems. It is a policy that is designed to reflect the variety of problems that drugs can cause and by treating the cause is the only way to tackle the problem.